This book serves as an introduction to the concepts of medical biotechnology, with great details about fundamentals and early disciplines of study as well as emerging fields and the latest research. The book follows a chronological order from the earliest discoveries and breakthroughs of medical biotechnology to the latest areas of study. The book contains up-to-date citations for each chapter and section, which makes it easy for the reader to understand the concept and also to follow the latest developments in the particular area. It is an ideal book for undergraduate and graduate students who aspire to derive basic knowledge and are also keen on learning about the latest advancements in the field of medical biotechnology.

This book serves as an introduction to the concepts of medical biotechnology, with great details about fundamentals and early disciplines of study as well as emerging fields and the latest research. The book follows a chronological order from the earliest discoveries and breakthroughs of medical biotechnology to the latest areas of study. The book contains up-to-date citations for each chapter and section, which makes it easy for the reader to understand the concept and also to follow the latest developments in the particular area. It is an ideal book for undergraduate and graduate students who aspire to derive basic knowledge and are also keen on learning about the latest advancements in the field of medical biotechnology. 

Despite receiving large quantities of aid, many developing countries, especially the Least Developed Countries, have remained stagnant and became more aid dependent. This grim reality provokes vigorous debate on the effectiveness of aid. This study analyzes the effectiveness of aid on education and health sector of Pakistan over the period 1973-2008. This study focuses on the health and education sectors in the light of two Millennium Development Goals; achieving universal primary education and reducing child mortality. We estimate two separate econometric models. One to test the short run and long run relationship between foreign aid and gross primary enrollment in the education sector and the other model test the short and long run relationship between foreign aid and infant mortality rate in the health sector. Our results proved the short run as well as long run relationship between foreign aid and primary school enrollment in the education sector and also proved the short run and long run relationship between foreign aid and infant mortality rate in the health sector.